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Functional
Anatomy
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THE SPINE

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THE SPINE ANATOMY

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PART 1

FLIP CARDS

Use these flip cards as a tool to test your understanding and reinforce what you’ve learned.
Happy studying!

What is the shape of the spine when viewed from the side?

Answer

The spine has a natural S-shaped curve.

What are the curves of the cervical and lumbar regions?

Answer

The cervical and lumbar regions have a concave (inward) curve.

What are the curves of the thoracic and sacral regions?

Answer

The thoracic and sacral regions have a convex (outward) curve.

What functions do the spine’s natural curves serve?

Answer

The spine’s curves absorb shock, maintain balance, and allow a range of motion.

What maintains the natural spinal curves?

Answer

The abdominal and back muscles work together to maintain the spinal curves.

How can proper posture help the spine?

Answer

Proper posture helps preserve natural spinal curves, minimizing strain during movement and weight-bearing activities.

What factors disrupt spinal alignment?

Answer

Excess body weight, weak or imbalanced muscles, and poor ergonomics disrupt spinal alignment.

What is the cervical curve, and how does it develop?

Answer

The cervical curve is a lordotic (forward convexity) curve. It develops around 3–4 months of age when an infant begins holding their head up and continues as they learn to sit upright by 9 months.

What is the thoracic curve, and how is it characterized?

Answer

The thoracic curve is a kyphotic (concave forward) curve, present at birth, and measures 20–40 degrees in the sagittal plane.

How does the lumbar curve differ between males and females?

Answer

The lumbar curve is more pronounced in females and measures 40–60 degrees in the sagittal plane.

When does the lumbar curve develop?

Answer

The lumbar curve develops as a child begins walking, typically between 12–18 months of age.

What is the sacral curve, and what is its orientation?

Answer

The sacral curve is a kyphotic (concave downward and forward) curve. It starts at the sacrovertebral articulation and ends at the tip of the coccyx.

How should the spine appear when viewed from the coronal plane?

Answer

The spine should appear symmetrical with no lateral deviations.

What is hyperkyphosis, and what are its common causes?

Answer

Hyperkyphosis is an excessive outward curve of the thoracic spine, often caused by osteoporosis, congenital factors, or poor posture.

What is scoliosis and how is it characterized?

Answer

Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine, creating an "S" or "C" shape when viewed from the front or back. It occurs in the coronal plane.

What are the different types of scoliosis?

Answer

Idiopathic scoliosis: Most common, develops during adolescence with no identifiable cause. Congenital scoliosis: Caused by vertebral abnormalities at birth. Neuromuscular scoliosis: Linked to conditions like cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy. Degenerative scoliosis: Occurs in later life due to aging, arthritis, or osteoporosis.

What is kyphoscoliosis?

Answer

Kyphoscoliosis combines elements of both kyphosis and scoliosis, involving abnormal curvature in the sagittal and coronal planes.

What causes kyphoscoliosis?

Answer

Kyphoscoliosis can result from congenital anomalies, neuromuscular disorders, or degenerative changes.
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